Fibulae from Apollonia Pontica

Miglena Stamberova

While excavating Grave Circle B in 1952 and 1953, Ioannis Papadimitriou identified and investigated an Early Mycenaean chamber tomb, which remained unpublished to this day. The tomb’s importance lies both in its finds and its location directly below the acropolis next to Grave Circle B, outside any organized cemetery contemporary with the tomb. The tomb preserved the skeletal remains of a young man, whose grave gifts included pottery, bronze vases, intricate weapons, and numerous pieces of jewellery. This paper examines the relationships of these finds with others known from earlier excavations in the same region, and discusses local weapons manufacturing workshops and their distinctive artistic traits. The second part of the paper examines the relationship between this chamber tomb and the monumental tombs of the citadel’s south slope, and the process of distinguishing the cemeteries’ location from that of inhabitations at the time of the city’s dynamic expansion shortly before the dawn of the Palatial period.

Fibulae from Apollonia Pontica Archaeologia Bulgarica XVIII, 1 (2014), 35-63 Miglena VASILEVA 1 I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Krastina Panayotova and Dimitar Nedev, who gave me access to the fibulae from their excavations and the opportunity to publish them. I would also like to thank Dr. Margarit Damyanov for his information about the date of some of the complexes and to PhD candidates Teodora Bogdanova and Mila Chacheva from NAIM-BAS Sofia for their help in finding objects in the Archaeological Museum of Sozopol and for their support in research. 2 The dating of the funeral complexes excavated after 2001 is provided by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Krastina Panayotova, PhD Margarit Damyanov and Dimitar Nedev to whom I warmly thank. I express also many thanks to PhD candidates Teodora Bogdanova and Mila Chacheva for their support in this direction. 3 The study of this necropolis began with excavations in 1946, led by Ivan Venedikov. They continued for the next three years (1947-1949). The graves were published in detail, and this work remains one of most frequently cited in literature dedicated to the material culture of Thrace during the Classical and Hellenistic periods (Венедиков 1948, 7-29; Венедиков 1963а; 1963b; 1963c). The study of the Kalfata necropolis continued with varying intensity during the following years under Maria Tsaneva, Krastina Panayotova and Dimitar Nedev. From 2002 to 2004, a French team, led by Аntoine Hermary, also took part in the research (see the Corpus Apollonia du Pont (Sozopol) 2010). 4 Among the graves discovered 19461949, the percentage of those with fibulae is almost equal to the percentage of graves with other adornments (rings, earrings, bracelets); for example, the graves with rings are 2.2%, the graves with earrings are 2.6% and those with bracelets 1.1%. Although incomplete, this statistic suggests that the necropolis in the Kalfata is not an exception to the marked trend of poor distribution of metal artifacts in the grave inventory from mainland Greece (Robinson 1942, 174; Panayotova 2003, 136; Панайотова et al. 2003, 106; Baralis 2010, 146). 5 After consultation with Dr. Margarit Damyanov about the pottery, the pro- The paper presents all fibulae found during the recent years in the Black Sea apoikia Apollonia Pontica (modern city of Sozopol on Bulgarian Black Sea coast) and reevaluates the current understanding of their use in a Greek context. The relative popularity of these accessories among the population of Apollonia and the systematic study, on-going, with some interruptions, since 1946, of the cemeteries adjacent to the city provides the basis and rationale for this study1. The fibulae as part of grave goods The main source of fibulae from Apollonia is graves, in which the artifacts are found in place and in a state almost unchanged from their original deposition. Further, the discovery of fibulae alongside other artifacts that are well dated has been instrumental in the study of their development2. The role of the fibulae in this Greek apoikia is best represented in the necropolis at the Kalfata3. Between 1946-1948 a total of 890 graves were found, in 17 of which fibulae were present. The proportion of graves with fibulae is, therefore, 1.9%. Although complete data regarding the number of the graves with fibulae discovered in the years after 1948 is not available, it is possible to observe the continuation of this trend in subsequent seasons, in which the percentage of graves with fibulae is around 2-3%, and up to 4%4 maximum. Types of fibulae Thracian type fibulae (cat. #1-26) The most common fibulae in Apollonia belong to the so-called Thracian type (Василева 2012, 5). I. Venedikov published some examples in 1948 (Венедиков 1948) and 1963 (Венедиков 1963b)5; the rest, presented in the catalogue of this study (Cat. #1-26), are unpublished specimens from the excavations of K. Panayotova and D. Nedev held between 2001 and 2012 (for additional information, see appendix to table 1). Their study follows my typology of Thracian type fibulae as proposed elsewhere (Василева 2012). The most common fibulae of this type feature a straight vertical foot that ends with a distinct button. It has a thin arched, sometimes double-sided or triangular bow, the wire of which is similar to the foot (Type I, Subtype I.1 as per Василева 2012, 8). These fibulae are divided into several varieties based on the length of the foot. The first variety features a low vertical foot no higher than the middle of the height of the bow (variant I.1а) (Василева 2012, 8) (Cat. #1-4, table 1); Венедиков 1963b, 314, обр. 108/1028, 1029, 1030, 1034). These fibulae are made of bronze and iron. Their length is 3.8-6 cm but there are exceptions that extend up to 10 cm (Cat. #2). 36 MIGLENA VASILEVA The earliest fibula of this variation, dating to the 3rd quarter of the 5th century BC, appears here as Cat. #16. It parallels fibulae from Duvanli in its silhouette, and in particular in the symmetry of the bow and the low foot, which almost forms a right angle with the axis of the catch-plate. A fibula from Koprivec, Rousse district, also includes a similar button feature and dates to the same period, the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC (Станчев 1997, 38). Cat. #2, characterized by its size, also features a composite button at the end of the foot, very similar to those appearing under Cat. #1. It also dates to the end of 5th or beginning of 4th century, which suggests the fibulae of Cat. #1 and Cat. #2 were manufactured by one craftsman or after one common model. The third (Cat. #3) and the fourth fibula (Cat. #4) from Apollonia are dated to the second half of the 4th – first half of the 3rd century BC. The second variety of Thracian type fibulae from Apollonia includes those examples with a foot as high as the bow, and with an arched (symmetric or asymmetric) bow or bow with triangular silhouette (Cat. # 5-8, plate 1) (variant I.1b) (Василева 2012, 8-9). These fibulae are made of bronze and silver, and their length varies from 3.63.7 cm to 7.6-8.2 cm. They date from the last quarter of the 5th century BC to the beginning of the 3rd century BC. The final variety is represented by a fibula Cat. #9 (plate 2) with a foot higher than the bow. A bronze wire, probably part of a broken chain, is wrapped around the middle of the foot, and suggests that the fibula was part of a complex adornment. Based on the other material associated with the grave, this example dates to the late second and early third quarter of the 4th century BC (variant I.1с) (Василева 2012, 9-10). In Apollonia, among the most common fibulae with a vertical foot (type I) are those with twisted thin symmetric or asymmetric bow (subtype I.3) (Василева 2012, 11), Cat. #10-17, plate 2 (Венедиков 1963a, 38; 1963b, 314-315, обр. 108/1038). The vertical foot varies in height, and the length of these fibulae is between 4.4 and 6 cm. All fibulae are made of bronze, which is the most suitable material for the twisting of the bow. They were widespread in the second quarter of the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Four of the fibulae (Cat. #10-13) were found in a grave together with Cat. #9. Two of these have a twisted foot, and the other two feature a smooth foot, forming two pairs of like objects. The concentration of so many twisted bow fibulae in Apollonia confirms I. Venedikov's suggestion that small-scale workshops for metal artifacts existed in the apoikia to meet the needs of the local market (Венедиков 1963c, 346). The second most common fibulae among the Apollonia graves are those with a foot curved in the shape of letter “S” (type III) (Василева 2012, 14). All fibulae with S-shaped foot found to date in Apollonia (Cat. #18-22, plate 3 and the fibulae published by I. Venedikov (Венедиков 1963b, 314-315, обр. 108/1032, 1033)) feature a thin bow or bow slightly thickened in the middle (arched or double-sided), which can be smooth or twisted (subtype III.1). Their section is circular or rhomboid. The foot varies in length, and its conical or hemispherical button is very often curved outwards or upwards. In only one case is the end of the foot not pronounced (Cat. #20, plate 3). posed by I. Venedikov dates for several of the graves that contained fibulae had been pecified: grave 58, Kalfata (1946) dates to the second quarter of the 4th century BC and grave 68, Kalfata (1946) to the middle or third quarter of the 4th century BC. A subtantially earlier date is proposed for grave 60, Kalfata (1947) whih has been assigned from the beginning of the 3rd century BC to the middle of the 4th century BC and for the grave 283, Kalfata (1949) whih fibulae are dated by I. Venedikov in the second half of the 4th century BC but the pottery belongs rather to the second quarter – middle of the 4th century BC (table 1). For other graves with fibulae discovered in the 1940s, the date remains uncertain, due in part to some confusion in the main publication of the fibulae (Венедиков 1963b, 313-315, fig. 8), in whih some of the numbers are duplicated and the information about some fibulae does not correpond to the printed images. 6 The fibula from Grave 305, Kalfata district (2002), should also be contemporary (Hermary / Panayotova 2006, 54). Unfortunately, it was not available during my visit to the Archaeological Museum of Sozopol. Table 1. Graves with fibulae from Apollonia Pontica (1946-2010) Burial Rite Imported Pottery Local Pottery Jewellery 58, Kalfata (1946) Pit Inhumation Kantharoi, 2; Bowls, 2 Jug; Pot; Bowl - - - - 68, Kalfata (1946) Pit Inhumation - Jug, red clay - - - 97, Kalfata (1946) Pit Inhumation - - - - 99, Kalfata (1946) Pit Inhumation - - - 102, Kalfata (1946) Pit Inhumation - - 48, Kalfata (1947) Pit Inhumation - 54, Kalfata (1947) Pit Inhumation 60, Kalfata (1947) Pit 80, Kalfata (1947) sewing Glass Terracotta Mirror Needle Bead Fibula Coin Armament Other Date - Fragments - - - 2nd quarter – middle of 4th century BC - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Middle – 3rd quarter? of 4th century BC - - - Fragments - - Iron cramps, 2 Unknown - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Unknown - - - - - Thracian type, 2 - Arrowhead Cramps 4th century BC - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Unknown - - Ring - - - - Undefinite, 1 - - - Unknown Inhumation - Askos - - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Middle (?) of 4th century BC Pit Inhumation - - Earrings, 2 - 1 - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Unknown 82, Kalfata (1947) Pit Inhumation - - - 1 - - 2 Thracian type, 1 1 - - Unknown 209, Kalfata (1949) Pit Inhumation - - - - - - - Undefinite, 1 - - - Unknown 261, Kalfata (1949) Pit Inhumation - - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Unknown 283, Kalfata (1949) Pit Inhumation Lekythoi, 6; Alabastron; Oinochoe - Earrings, 2; Rings, 2 - 1 1 10 Thracian type, 2 3 - 369, Kalfata (1948) Pit Inhumation - Bowl - - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - 2nd half of the 4th century BC 440, Kalfata (1947) Pit Inhumation - - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - Small amphora, glass Unknown 482, Kalfata (1948) Pit Inhumation - - Earring - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Unknown FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA Grave structure Grave 2nd quarter – midAlabastra, alabaster, 2; dle of 4th century Pendant, glass BC 37 38 Table 1. Continued Burial Rite Pit Inhumation Jug, Pot, Lekythoi, 6; Bell-shaped Bowl, Jug vessel - 1 - - 220, Kalfata (2001) Built of stone blocks Inhumation Lekythoi; 2; Fragments of vessel - - - - 236, Kalfata (2002) Pit Inhumation Lekythoi; Bowl Pot - - - 244, Kalfata (2002) Pit Inhumation Lekythoi, 2 - - - 246, Kalfata (2002) Pit Inhumation - - - 265, Kalfata (2002) Pit Inhumation - Cup 277, Kalfata (2002) Pit Inhumation - 305, Kalfata (2002) Pit Inhumation 332, Kalfata (2003) Pit Inhumation 352, Kalfata (2004) 391, Kalfata (2004) 3, Parking Sector (2001) Imported Pottery Local Pottery Jewellery sewing Glass Terracotta Mirror Needle Bead Fibula Coin Armament Other Date Thracian type, 1 Cat. #23 - - - End of the 5th – 1st half of 4th century BC - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #4 - - - 2nd quarter – middle of 4th century BC - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #22 - - Nail 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC - - - - - - 2nd quarter of the 4th century BC - - - - - - - 2nd – 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC - 1 - - - Thracian type, 1 - - Nail, Strigil Beginning of 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC Fragment of urn - - - - 1 Thracian type, 2 Cat. #7-8 - - - 2nd half of the 4th century BC Oinochoai, 2; Kylix; Krater; Bowl; Skyphos; Lekanis - Rings, 3 - - - - Thracian type, 1 Red-figure lekythos - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 - - - Middle of the 4th century BC Pit Lekythos with net pattern; Inhumation Maroon glazed lekythos; Amphora - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #26 - - Part of loop 3rd quarter (?) of the 4th century BC Pit Inhumation Lekythos with red palmette - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #25 - - - 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC Thracian type, 1 Fibula in form of punches, 1 Cat. #29 Alabastra, 2; “Magic” Last quarter of the items; Loops; 5th century BC Astragaloi, 26 MIGLENA VASILEVA Grave structure Grave Table 1. Continued Grave 5, ZP 5090 (2005) Grave structure Pit Imported Pottery Local Pottery Jewellery sewing Glass Terracotta Mirror Needle Bead Inhumation Lekythoi with relief decoration, 4; Oinochoe; Kylix Pot; Oinochoe - - - - - Earring, 1; Ring, 1 1 - - - 1 - Fibula Coin Armament Other Date - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #14 - - - 2nd quarter of the 4th century BC - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #20 - - Knife; Astragaloi, 2; Part of resin 2nd quarter- middle of the 4th century BC - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #6 2 - - Early 3rd century BC - - 8Б, ZP IV 8036, (2005) Cist Inhumation Bowl; Pyxis; Gilt lekythos with polychromy 30, ZP 5089 (2006) Tile Inhumation Unguentaria Pot Rings, 3 1 - - 1 Thracian type, 5 Cat. #15-17 Pot Ring, 1 - 3 - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #24 - - “Magic” items Middle of the 4th century BC Pit Inhumation 49, ZP 5089 (2006) Pit Inhumation Lekythoi, 2 27, ZP 5518 (2007) Pit Kylikes, 3; Fish plate; Bowl; Pot; Jug; Inhumation Amphoriskos; Lekythos Lid - - - - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #19 - - - 2nd quarter – middle of the 4th century BC 116, ZP 5518 (2007) Pit Inhumation Oinochoe - - - - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #21 - - Nail 2nd – 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC (?) 14, ZP 5519, (2007) Pit Inhumation Kylix; White Oinochoe; ground lekyPot thos; Bolsal - - - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #1 - - Alabastra 3rd quarter of the 5th century BC 8, ZP 7099 (2007) Pit Inhumation Lekythos with net pattern - - - - - - Thracian type, 2 - - - 2nd half of the 4th century BC 10, ZP 5084 (2008) Pit Inhumation - - - - - - - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #3 - dagger - 1st half of the 3rd century BC - 2nd quarter- middle of the 4th Lamp; Loop; Pendant century BC 39 41, ZP 5089 (2006) Lekythos with net pattern; Lekythos with red palmette; Cup Kantharoi 2 FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA Burial Rite 40 Table 1. Continued Grave Grave structure Burial Rite Imported Pottery Local Pottery Jewellery sewing Glass Terracotta Mirror Needle Bead Other Date Loop - - - 2nd – 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC (?) Thracian type, 1 - - - 2nd (?) – 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC - Thracian type, 1 Cat. #2 - - - End of 5th – beginning of 4th century BC - - Thracian type - - Strigil 1st quarter of the 4th century BC - 1 - Thracian type, 2 Cat. #5 - - Magic items; Loop End of 3rd quarter – last quarter of the 5th century - 1 String Bilateral, 1 Cat. #27 1 - - 1st quarter of the 3th century BC Lekythos - Ring, 1 - - - 1 17, ZP 5536 (2008) Pit Inhumation Black-glazed Base Lamp Ring, 1 - - - - 22, ZP 5536, (2008) Pit Inhumation Lekythos with net pattern; Fragment of amphora - - - - - - 7, ZP XI5101 (2009) Pit Inhumation - Lekythos (?) - - - - 5, ZP 5076 (2010) Pit Inhumation Red-figure lekythos Pot - - - Pit with cover of slabs Inhumation Red-figure lekythos; Lekanis - - 1 Wreath - Appendix to Table 1. Bibliography for the cited graves Grave 58, Kalfata (1946) – Венедиков 1948, 20; Grave 68, Kalfata (1946) – Венедиков 1948, 21; Grave 97, Kalfata (1946) – Венедиков 1948, 22; Grave 99, Kalfata (1946) – Венедиков 1948, 22; Grave 102, Kalfata (1946) – Венедиков 1948, 23; Vagalinski 2001, 249; Grave 48, Kalfata (1947) – Венедиков 1963a, 21; Grave 54, Kalfata (1947) – Венедиков 1963а, 21; Grave 60, Kalfata (1947) – Венедиков 1963а, 21; Grave 80, Kalfata (1947) – Венедиков 1963a, 22; Grave 82, Kalfata (1947) – Венедиков 1963а, 22; Grave 209, Kalfata (1949) – Венедиков 1963а, 29; Grave 261, Kalfata (1949) – Венедиков 1963а, 32; Grave 283, Kalfata (1949) – Венедиков 1963а, 33; Grave 369, Kalfata (1948) – Венедиков 1963а, 41; Grave 440, Kalfata (1947) – Венедиков 1963а, 48; Grave 482, Kalfata (1948) – Венедиков 1963а, 50; Grave 3, Parking Sector (2001) – Панайотова / Недев 2002, 80-82, Cat. #23; Grave 220, Kalfata (2001) – Панайотова / Недев 2002, 80-82, Cat. #4; Grave 236, Kalfata (2002) – Панайотова et al. 2003, 105-107, Cat. #22; Grave 244, Kalfata (2002) – Панайотова et al. 2003, 105-107; Baralis et al. 2010, 90-91; Grave 246, Kalfata (2002) – Панайотова et al. 2003, 105-107, Cat. #29; Grave 265, Kalfata (2002) – Панайотова et al. 2003, 105-107; Grave 277, Kalfata (2002) – Панайотова et al. 2003, 105-107, Cat. #7-8; Grave 305, Kalfata (2002) – Панайотова et al. 2003, 105-107; Hermary / Panayotova 2006, 54; Panayotova 2007, 19, fig. 23; Grave 332, Kalfata (2003) – Baralis et al. 2010, 105-106, Pl. 37d; Grave 352, Kalfata (2004) – Панайотова et al. 2005, 238-240, Cat. #26; Grave 391, Kalfata (2004) – Панайотова et al. 2005, 238-240, Cat. #25; Grave 5, ZP 5090 (2005) – Панайотова et al. 2006, 242-246, Cat. #14; Grave 8Б, ZP IV 8036, (2005) – Панайотова et al. 2006, 242-246, Cat. #20; Grave 30, ZP 5089 (2006) – Панайотова et al. 2007, 364-368, Cat. #6; Grave 41, ZP 5089 (2006) – Панайотова et al. 2007, 364-368, Cat. #15-17; Grave 49, ZP 5089 (2006) – Панайотова et al. 2007, 364-368, Cat. #24; Grave 27, ZP 5518 (2007) – Панайотова et al. 2008, 317-321, Cat. #19; Grave 116, ZP 5518 (2007) – Панайотова et al. 2008, 317-321, Cat. #21; Grave 14, ZP 5519, (2007) – Панайотова et al. 2008, 317-321, Cat. #1; Grave 8, ZP 7099 (2007) – Недев / Владова 2008, 313- 314; Grave 10, ZP 5084 (2008) – Панайотова et al. 2009, 345-342, Cat. #3; Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008) – unpublished, Cat. #9-13, 28; Grave 17, ZP 5536 (2008) – Панайотова et al. 2009, 345-342, Cat. #18; Grave 22, ZP 5536, (2008) – Панайотова et al. 2009, 345-342;Grave 7, ZP 5101 (2009) – Панайотова / Пенчева 2010, 299-301, Cat. #2; Grave 22, ZP 5100-7 (2010) – Панайотова et al. 2011, 264, Cat. #5; Grave 5, ZP 5076 (2010) – Панайотова et al. 2011, 264-265; Grave 3, Mesarite 2 (2012) – Baralis et al. 2012, 183, Cat. #27 MIGLENA VASILEVA - Inhumation Inhumation Unguentaria, 3 Pot, Bowl Armament - Pit 3, Mesarite 2 Built of (2012) stones Thracian type, 5: Cat. #9-13; Fibula with triangle catch-plate, Cat. #28 Thracian type, 1 Cat. #18 Coin End of 2nd – beginning of 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008) 22, ZP 5100-7 (2010) Fibula FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 41 Plate 1. 1-4: Thracian type fibulae with low vertical foot; 5-8: Thracian type fibulae with high vertical foot (the numbers of the fibulae on the plates coincide with their catalogue numbers). Designed by M. Vasileva 7 This fibula is unpublished. I would like to express my gratitude to Assос. Prof. Dr. Milena Tonkova for this information; for the complex see Тонкова 2010, 198-212. The graves containing these fibulae are dated from the second to the third quarter of the 4th century BC. Fibulae with an unprofiled vertical foot in the form of an inverted cone are the least commonly represented in Apollonia (type II, variant II.1а) (Василева 2012, 11-12). These feature a thin bow. Only two examples, Cat. #23-24, plate 3 are currently known. This is absolutely logical considering that the area of dispersion of the Thracian type fibulae with conic foot is in north-western Thrace. The examples are made of bronze, and their length varies from 3.9 to 6 cm (Домарадски 2000, 214; Василева 2012, 12). Cat. #23 shows a good parallel with a bronze fibula found in the pit sanctuary in Kozluka area, Malko Tranovo village, Chirpan district7, alongside materials from the end of the 5th to the first half of the 4th century BC. The fibula from Apollonia can also be assigned to this period. Cat. #24 belonged to a grave of the middle of the 4th century BC. These artifacts provide reasonable grounds for dating the usage of Thracian type fibulae with conic foot in Apollonia to the end of the 5th and first half of the 4th century BC. 42 MIGLENA VASILEVA Plate 2. 9: Thracian type fibula with high vertical foot; 10-17: Thracian type fibulae with vertical foot and twisted bow (the numbers of the fibulae on the plates coincide with their catalogue numbers). Designed by M. Vasileva All of the Thracian type fibulae from Apollonia display similar features: they are made of thick wire with circular or rhombic section. Two exceptions to this pattern are one iron fibula of the third quarter of the 4th century BC, which features a bow with rectangular section (Cat. #25), and one fragmented bronze fibula that is curved like a ring, the original function of which was probably changed (Cat. #26). To summarize, in conclusion: the Thracian type fibulae appear in Apollonia for the first time in the 3rd quarter of 5th century BC as singular specimens (Cat. #1, 2, 5, 23) that exhibit similarities to fibulae from the interior of Thrace. Only in the second quarter – middle of the 4th century BC do the number and the variety of the Thracian type fibulae in this Greek apoikia increase significantly; it is at this time that the fibulae with S-shaped foot (type III) and the fibulae with twisted bow emerge (subtype I.3). The twisting of the bow is a type of decoration particularly popular in Apollonia, although less so in inner Thrace. This variant provides the most compelling argument in favor of a functioning production center for fibulae in the colony. FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 43 Plate 3. 18-22: Thracian type fibulae with S-shaped foot; 23-24: Thracian type fibulae with conic foot; 25: Thracian type fibula with band without preserved foot; 26: Deformed Thracian type fibula (the numbers of the fibulae on the plate coincide with their catalogue numbers). Designed by M. Vasileva In addition to the Thracian type fibulae, other types of brooches were also found in Apollonia. Bilateral fibulae (cat. #27, plate 4) The only fibula with double-spring found to date in Apollonia originated from Grave 3 in Sector Mesarite 2 (2012), from the chora of the apoikia, dating to the first quarter of the 3rd century BC (Панайотова et al. 2013, 227-230, oбр. 1; Baralis et al. 2012, 183). Although its foot is not preserved, this fibula displays the characteristics of the free-foot fibulae of the Early La Tène scheme (type I) (Василева 2012, 23-25). We might conjecture that the end of the foot finished with decorative spring like the widespread bilateral fibulae in north-eastern Thrace, examples of which appear as far south as Stara Planina, from Seuthopolis, Philippopolis, Stoykite (subtype I.3) (Василева 2012, 24). On the basis of these parallels, the fibula from Apollonia should date from the end of the 4th to the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Its presence in the vicinity of Apollonia suggests that the La Tène influence reached this Hellenic apoikia, even though the intensity of this type is low. One-spring fibula with triangular catch-plate (cat. #28, plate 4) In its triangular catch-plate, Cat. #28, plate 4 resembles a group of fibulae widespread in southern Thrace from the end of the 8th century 44 MIGLENA VASILEVA to the end of the 6th century BC (Гергова 1977, 50). This fibula may be reminiscent of such an Early Iron Age type, but the context of its discovery, twisted bow, and smaller size all indicate a later date. Fibulae in the form of punches (cat. #29, plate 4) The name of these fibulae refers to the extensions of the bow and the pin, which form punches (Генчева 2004, 77). They are bimetal, display an arched bow with oval or rectangular section, and feature low foot, which ends with a spherical button. The iron pin is attached by a rivet. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the genesis of these brooches, which were widespread during the Roman period (see Feugère 1985, 429-430, fig. 68, 5-7; Генчева 2004, 78). Such items are known from Olynthus (Robinson 1941, pl. XXI-XXII, 352-355) and differ from the Roman fibulae of this type in their distinctive foot, which includes a button. At this stage, two specimens of this type are known from Apollonia (Венедиков 1963b 315, обр. 108/1039 and Cat. #29). The discovery of Cat. #29 in a closed complex – grave 246 in the Kalfata area – suggests an earlier date for these fibulae in the form of punches (Василева 2012, 37). Although, with the exception of the fibula, there is no other material in the grave, the stratigraphic location of the complex suggests a date in the 2nd or 3rd quarter of 4th century BC. Grave structures, burial rites and orientation of the buried with fibulae The grave structures where most of the fibulae were found were simple pits, dug in the sandy terrain without any additional structural elements (type I, variant I after K. Panayotova) (Панайотова 1998, 11). In isolated cases, the fibulae were found in tile graves (Type II) (Панайотова 1998, 12), graves built of stone blocks (Type III, Variant 1) or slabs (Type III, Variant 2) (Панайотова 1998, 13), or in pithoi (table 1). All graves with fibulae are inhumations, the main burial rite used in Apollonia throughout all periods (Panayotova 2003, 130). Most often, the body was laid on its back with outstretched limbs and head directed to the northeast, southeast and east (table 2). In one case, the deceased was put in contracted position – Grave 10, ZP8 5084 (2008). Grave goods, accompanying the fibulae (table 1) The graves containing fibulae can be divided in two groups based on the other grave goods. The smaller of these two groups includes graves, where, apart from fibulae, no other funeral goods were included: grave 99, Kalfata (1946) (Венедиков 1948, 22); grave 48, Kalfata (1947) (Венедиков 1963a, 21); grave 209, Kalfata (1949) (Венедиков 1948, 29); grave 261, Kalfata (1949) (Венедиков 1963a, 32); grave 246, Kalfata (2002). The dating of these deposits, made difficult for obvious reasons, most often covers a wide timeframe and is based on the relative chronological relationship to grave complexes in the immediate vicinity. The second group includes graves in which the fibulae were accompanied by other goods. Their inventory could be divided in several categories. First among these other goods is pottery, which is the most common inventory. It may be glazed or not; red-figure, black-glazed leky- 8 Zoned Property, abbreviated „УПИ“ (Урегулиран поземлен имот) in Bulgarian. FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA Plate 4. 27: Double spring fibula; 28: Fibula with triangular catch-plate; 29: Fibula in the form of punches (the numbers of the fibulae on the plate coincide with their catalogue numbers). Designed by M. Vasileva. Photo by Т. Bogdanova 9 Dr. Ann Keenleyside conducted this research, and it remains unpublished. I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Panayotova for the opportunity to consult it. 45 thoi (with red palmette or net pattern), and black-glazed bowls prevail over other ceramic forms. Less common are the kylikes, unguentaria, pyxides, fish plates, and skyphoi. Red or grey pottery without glaze is also well presented. The forms that could be distinguished include pots, oinochoai, jugs, and, less frequently, askoi, bowls, lekythoi, and cups. Jewellery also accompanied the fibulae in some graves. The most widespread combination is fibulae with rings or earrings. Sometimes all three artifacts were found together, as in grave 283, Kalfata (1949) and grave 8Б, ZP IV 8036 (2005). The cases in which the fibulae were found together with a sewing needle are very interesting and will be expanded upon below. Fibulae in Apollonia were also found in combination with glass beads and glass pendants. The most common beads have cylindrical shape and are decorated with several concentric rings defined as “small eyes”. The combination of fibulae and terracottas, mirrors, coins and astragaloi are more rare. Elements of armament are also, based on current knowledge, rarely found in combination with fibulae; they are represented only by arrowheads in grave 102, Kalfata (1946) and a dagger in grave 10, ZP 5084 (2008). The fibula as a gender indicator (table 2) The presence of fibulae among the grave goods poses a number of questions concerning the gender of the deceased. The results from the anthropological research, conducted in the period 2002-20089 are very useful in this direction. 46 MIGLENA VASILEVA Fibulae in female graves The gender and age of 12 individuals was determined. Their inventory contained 12 fibulae, among other things. Of them 7 individuals were female (table 2). The gender determination of the other deceased buried with fibulae was conditionally based on the grave goods that are presumed to be female possessions: a terracotta and earrings (grave 80, Kalfata (1947)); a small glass amphora (grave 440, Kalfata (1948)); alabastra, earrings, rings and a mirror (grave 283, Kalfata (1949)); a pyxis, an earring with glass adornment, a ring, astragaloi, gilt lekythos with polychromy (grave 8Б, ZP IV 8036 (2005)); a mirror, a lekanis, the so called “magic items” (grave 22, ZP 5100-7 (2010)); rings and glass pendant (grave 41, ZP 5089 (2006)); a ring and a glass bead (grave 32, ZP 5269-VI (2008)); a funerary wreath, a mirror and a string of beads in grave 3, Mesarite 2 (2012)10. Given this material, the total number of graves of women buried with fibulae can be estimated at 15 (7 determined by anthropological analysis and 8 determined by grave goods) (table 2). Fibulae in male graves Of the 11 individual burials that underwent anthropological analysis, 5 men were identified (table 2). The hypothetical determination of men was more difficult, since only a limited set of objects provide evidence for gender identification. For example, in grave 265 in the Kalfata area a fragment of strigil – an artifact that has long been associated with men11 – was found, but the human remains were determined as “probably female” (Baralis et al. 2010, 92; Hermary 2010, 168). A bronze needle and an iron nail were also included among the grave goods (Baralis et al. 2010, 92-93). Conditionally, only grave 102 from the Kalfata area (1946), in which the fibula was found alongside two bronze loops with small shoulders (probably part of a harness) and a “Scythian type” arrowhead (Венедиков 1948, 23) and grave 10, ZP 5084 (2008), which included an iron dagger, can be accepted as male burials. Of the graves analyzed, therefore, those of men number 7: 5 on the grounds of the anthropological analysis and 2 on the basis of the grave goods (table 2). This data demonstrates that the fibulae were found in graves of women and men alike, although they are more common in female burials (the number of female graves with fibulae was more than twice the number of male graves). A similar situation has been documented in the early Greek necropolis at Pithekoussai and Tarentum in Southern Italy (Frederiksen 1999, 239). These findings force a reevaluation of the idea, put forward in the beginning of the 1960s, that the owners of fibulae in Apollonia Pontica were only women (Венедиков 1963b, 314). Fibulae in child graves Among all graves with fibulae, 412 graves of children are registered: grave 82, Kalfata (1947); grave 334, Kalfata (1949); grave 49, ZP 5089 (2006); and grave 27, ZP 5518 (2007). In two of these, the fibulae were found on the chest or between the ribs, allowing speculation about their position on the deceased at the time of burial13. 10 On the basis of the earrings and fibulae found in grave 482, Kalfata, I. Venedikov unconditionally accepted this burial as belonging to a woman (Венедиков 1963b, 314). In my opinion, however, firm conclusions regarding the gender of the deceased are disputable when only one adornment (besides a fibula) is present without additional jewellery or artifacts typical female accessories (e.g., a mirror or pyxis). 11 It is assumed that the presence of strigils on funeral stelae provides unambiguous information about the masculine gender of the possessor, as the presence of a mirror would for a female burial. In fact, strigils have been found in graves of both men and women (Вагалински 2009, 54-56; Hermary 2010, 168), which means that they, like needles, cannot be used as definitive gender indicators. 12 The study results the French team at Kalfata noted that in grave 339 (2003) two fragments of a bronze fibula were deposited with the remains of a child (Baralis et al. 2010, 109-110; Panayotova / Hermary 2010, 255, Pl. 42). The fragmented state of the object (Panayotova / Hermary 2010, 255, Pl. 42) does not allow unconditional inclusion in the fibulae group and it was, therefore, omitted from the current analysis. 13 A fibula was also discovered on the chest of a child in grave 514 at the necropolis of the Greek polis Olynthus (Robinson 1941, 105, #351; Robinson 1942, 102). FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 47 Table 2. Placement of the fibulae in the graves Cat. # Grave Number fibulae Location in the grave Fragments To the knees 1, Thracian type Right shoulder Fragments To the thigh 1, Thracian type On the breast 2, Thracian type On the breast 1, Thracian type On the shoulder 1 undefined Left shoulder 1, Thracian type Left shoulder 1, Thracian type Next to the right shoulder 1, Thracian type Between the ribs 1, Thracian type Unknown 1, Thracian type Between the ribs 1, Thracian type On the right shoulder 2, Thracian type Right shoulder; Left hip 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 1, Thracian type Breast 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 1, Thracian type On the abdomen 1, In form of Right shoulder 29 246, Kalfata (2002) punches 265, Kalfata (2002) 1, fragmented Right shoulder 7 and 8 277, Kalfata (2002) 2, Thracian type Right shoulder Left shoulder 305, Kalfata (2002) 1, Thracian type Close to the skeleton, grave gift 332, Kalfata (2003) 1, Thracian type Right hip 26 352, Kalfata (2004) 1, Thracian type Close to skull 25 391, Kalfata (2004) 1, Thracian type Close to skull 14 5, ZP 5090, (2005) 1, Thracian type Below the ribs 20 8Б, ZP IV 8036 (2005) 1, Thracian type Close to the left ankle 6 30, ZP 5089 (2006) 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 5, Thracian type Right shoulder Left shoulder, 2 15-17 41, ZP 5089 (2006) and 1 with trianguOn the breast, 2 lar catch-plate 24 49, ZP 5089, (2006) 1, Thracian type On the breast 19 27, ZP 5518, (2007) 1, Thracian type Left shoulder 21 116, ZP 5518 (2007) 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 1 14, ZP 5519 (2007) 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 8Б, ZP 7099 (2007) 2, Thracian type Right shoulder Left shoulder 3 10, ZP 5084, (2008) 1, Thracian type Right shoulder 23 4 22 - 58, Kalfata (1946) 68, Kalfata (1946) 97, Kalfata (1946) 99, Kalfata (1946) 102, Kalfata (1946) 48, Kalfata (1947) 54, Kalfata (1947) 60, Kalfata (1947) 80, Kalfata (1947) 82, Kalfata (1947) 334. Kalfata (1949) 209, Kalfata (1949) 261, Kalfata (1949) 283, Kalfata (1949) 369, Kalfata (1948) 3, Parking (2001) 220, Kalfata (2001) 236, Kalfata (2002) 244, Kalfata (2002) 9-13; 28 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008) 6, Thracian type Right shoulder Left shoulder Right hip, 2 Left hip, 2 On the breast (left half) Left shoulder 18 - 17, ZP 5536, (2008) 22, ZP 5536, (2008) 1, Thracian type 1, Thracian type 2 7, ZP 5101 (2009) 1, Thracian type - 5, ZP 5076 (2010) 1, Thracian type Metal Orientation (Head) Undefined S Undefined S Undefined SE Undefined NE Man? NE Undefined NE Undefined SE Undefined E Woman? NE Child SW Child Unknown Undefined NE Undefined NE Woman? NE Undefined W Undefined SE Undefined NE Undefined W Woman 21-35 years NE Gender Iron Bronze Iron Bronze Bronze Bronze Iron Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze and iron Bronze Bronze Bronze Iron Bronze Iron Bronze Bronze Bronze Woman 21-35 years E “Rather” woman Woman 36-50 years Woman 21-35 years Adult man Man, over 50 years Man, 21-35 years Undefined Woman? Undefined SE SE NE SE NE SE E N-E S Bronze Woman? SE Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Iron Child Child, 8-10 years Undefined Undefined Woman? Man, 36-50 years Unknown NE E NE SW E Bronze Woman? SE Bronze Woman, 36-50 years Iron Man, over 50 years Between the left shoulder and Bronze the mandible NW E Undefined E Right shoulder Bronze Undefined E Woman E Woman? NE 5 22, ZP 5100-7 (2010) 2, Thracian type Close the skeleton, grave gift Silver and bronze 27 3, Mesarite 2 (2012) 1, Bilateral Right shoulder Bronze 48 MIGLENA VASILEVA Apart from the numerous terracottas found in grave 49, ZP 5089 (2006), the funerary goods in child graves do not differ from those of adults. It is difficult to determine the role of the fibulae in the child graves. Were they used, for instance, to fasten children’s clothing to the chest14? Or were individual objects placed in the grave as a funeral gift15? These are difficult questions to answer at this stage, but it seems clear that the simple inclusion of fibulae in graves cannot be considered as a definitive indicator of the deceased’s age. Connection between the characteristics of the fibulae and the gender of the deceased There exist some differences between the fibulae found in male and female graves in their characteristics, numbers, and metal of production. For example, researchers established a certain correlation between the number of the fibulae in the grave and the gender of the deceased: in some of the graves of women, the number of the fibulae was two or more. Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008), defined as female, contained 6 fibulae; grave 41, ZP 5089 (2006) – 5 fibulae; and 2 fibulae were found in grave 283, Kalfata (1949), grave 277, Kalfata (2002), grave 22, ZP 5100-7 (2010), and grave 8, ZP 7099 (2007). At present, only one grave belonging to a male, grave 102, Kalfata (1946), contained 2 fibulae (table 1). One additional observation is possible regarding the metal used for the crafting of the fibulae and the gender of their owner. Four of the iron Thracian-type fibulae (Cat. #3, 25) were found in graves of men: grave 332, Kalfata (2003); grave 391, Kalfata (2004); grave 22, ZP 5536 (2008)16; and grave 10, ZP 5084 (2008). To date, only one Thracian-type fibula made of iron can be definitively linked to a female burial at Apollonia. This gives reason to assume that iron Thracian-type fibulae are an artifact primarily linked to the graves of men17. A fibula in the form of punches with an iron pin, filed under Cat. #29, from the female grave 246, Kalfata, is not included here. Some fibulae with an S-shaped foot (Cat. #18 and 20) were found in female graves (grave 17, ZP 5536 (2008) and grave 8Б, ZP IV 8036 (2005)) and in a child grave (grave 334, Kalfata (1947)). The outwardtwisting foot of these fibulae, which gives elegance to the silhouette, reflects greater effort in production. It is fully possible that they were made especially for women and children. The majority of the fibulae with twisted bow were also found in graves assigned to female burials: grave 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008) (Cat. #10-13; 28) and grave 41, ZP 5089 (2006) (Cat. #15-17). The fibula as a dress accessory When discussing fibulae discovered in graves, attention should be given to the role they played in the funeral itself, and whether they were part of the costume of the deceased or whether they were deposited as a funeral gift. The location of their discovery gives evidence of their function. For example, we may surmise that when fibulae were found on the skeleton, they were part of the garment of the deceased. In contrast, those found around the skull (as a deformed bronze fibula, Cat. #26, defined in the Inventory as an earring, or the iron fibula, Cat. #25), 14 A. Klein has drawn attention to the fact that very often images show children dressed in chiton, fastened with a belt, and an additional cord crossing in front of the chest. A large brooch is often depicted at the point where the ends of the cord join (Klein 1932, 34-35, Pl. XXXVI/A). 15 Such a possibility is suggested by the dimensions of the fibulae from the child graves, which do not differ from those found in the graves of adults. 16 The foot of this fibula was not preserved. 17 The trend to bury men with iron fibulae and women with bronze and silver ones has also been observed in the Celtic world (Домарадски 1984, 32). FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 18 In the Greek cities of Southern Italy, this accessory was popular until around 300 BC, as opposed to Greece, where the fibula went out of fashion in the beginning of the 5th century BC, to be replaced by the round button. A long tradition of fibulae throughout the Iron Age likely reinforced the preferences for its use in Thrace, as in Magna Graecia (Prohaszka 1995, 123). 19 In Greece such type of male garment is known as exomis and was worn by artisans, soldiers, and horsemen, among others (Heuzey 1922, 35-36). 20 The position of the fibulae on the skeleton suggests that the garment was asymmetrical, fastened with one fibula over the right shoulder and two fibulae over the left shoulder. This type of clothing is also attested in Southern Italy. Clothes fastened with different number of fibulae on both sides suggest the possibility that one of the shoulders was left exposed (Prohaszka 1995, 123). 21 During the excavations held between 1946-1949, needles were found in 24 graves (2.7%), while graves with fibulae were 17 (1.9%). The ratio of needles compared to fibulae for the period 2002-2004 is 33 to 10. The information is unpublished and was taken from the inventory books of 2002, 2003 and 2004, as well as from Панайотова et al. 2005, 240; Baralis et al. 2010, 105-106; Panayotova / Hermary 2010, 255. 22 This information comes from the corpus Аполония (Apollonia) 1963 (Венедиков 1963b, 318) and inventory books of 2002-2008. 49 or close to the skeleton together with other artifacts (as Cat. #5 and the fibula from Grave 305, Kalfata (2002), were most likely a funeral gift. Comparison with complexes from Magna Graecia may help to identify the types of garments that the fibula fastened18. In this region, women sometimes wore a cloak fastened with one fibula over the right shoulder or in the center of the chest. A single fibula was also used to fasten the right shoulder of a man’s short chlamys (Prohaszka 1995, 123-124). These parallels suggest that, in Apollonia, a fibula found at the deceased’s shoulder was used to fasten a cloak or another type of garment19 that left one of the shoulders exposed. The presence of two fibulae in one grave is more rare. Most often, they are placed on the chest or on each arm (table 2). In such cases, the fibulae were most likely used to fasten a chiton (Prohaszka 1995, 124). There are no registered cases with 3 or 4 fibulae in one grave, but there are individual cases in which a higher number of fibulae were included: 5 specimens20 in grave 41, ZP 5089 (2006) and 6 in grave 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008). Although their location varied, at least one fibula was always included at one of the shoulders or on the chest. Two fibulae situated on the hips in grave 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008) suggest they fastened a garment with a side opening. At present, there are no known fibulae found on the outside of the upper limbs, which may suggest that the fibulae were not used to fasten the sleeves of clothes. Buttons from the necropolis of Apollonia are also not known to this date. Fibulae and needles To compare the function of fibulae to that of needles (Венедиков 1963b, 318; Панайотова 1998, 18), special attention should be paid to the needles found in burial complexes. The needles from the necropolis of Apollonia were used for sewing and were made of bronze. They have elongated body with circular section, one pointed end and one thickened end with a hole. There are no other elements or decorations. Their length rarely exceeds 10 cm, and very often they were found in a fragmented state (Венедиков 1963b, 318). Needles are considered typical in female graves. They are usually discovered close to the skull (crown) or at one shoulder, and may have fastened veils or shrouds (Венедиков 1963b, 318; Panayotova 2003, 136). In most cases, needles are discovered in graves as a single specimen. Based on the current data, needles were somewhat more popular than the fibulae21. Most often, they are situated around and under the skull22. The second most common position for needles was close to, under, or on one shoulder, with a slight predominance of the left side position. These almost always appear as single needles. Cases in which the needles are located in the knees and shins are isolated, and these examples are mainly found around the skeleton, not on it. Fibulae and needles, therefore, are not located at the same place in the grave or on the skeleton, and this fact suggests that they had different function. This conclusion is reinforced in those complexes where both objects were found together (table 1). 50 MIGLENA VASILEVA According to A. Hermary, the needles discovered in the Kalfata necropolis served as a tool for stitching and fastened the deceased’s veil (Hermary 2010, 166-167, ref. 72). This is probably valid for those cases where the needles were found next to the skeleton, not on it. Particularly when they are located around the skull, the needles probably fastened headscarves/veils or served as hairpins or hair accessoaries23 (Hermary 2010, 167, ref. 72). When needles were found at the shoulders, they may have attached lighter fabrics (a lighter cloak or scarf, e.g.), in contrast to fibulae, which fastened heavier clothing. Needles and fibulae both are considered a typical female attribute (Венедиков 1963b, 318). Indeed, most needles were discovered in graves of women and children, but the presence of a needle in Grave 362, next to the skeleton of a man (Panayotova / Hermary 2010, 114115; 259), shows that these artifacts cannot be considered a conclusive gender determinant. Anthropological research remains the only sure indicator for identifying the gender of the person buried with a needle (Hermary 2010, 167). Needles appear in the Apollonia graves from the third quarter of the 5th century BC to the end of the 3rd century BC (Венедиков 1963b, 318; Panayotova 2003, 136); their most intensive use was in the second half of the 4th and the first half of 3rd century BC (Венедиков 1963b, 318; Panayotova / Hermary 2010, 258-259). Ethno-cultural characteristic of the people buried with Thracian type fibulae It is an important question to what extent the fibulae describe the ethno-cultural characteristics of their owners and, in particular, the presence of a Thracian population of Apollonia Pontica. As mentioned above, the most common fibulae at Apollonia Pontica are of the Thracian type. Their presence in the graves of this Greek apoikia caught the attention of the first researchers of the Kalfata necropolis, and in the initial excavation publication, the Thracian type fibulae were defined as evidence of Thracian presence in the necropolis (Венедиков 1948, 27). Later, inhumations in a contracted position, the raising of tumuli, cremation, and stelae with Thracian names were also identified as signs of Thracian influence (Венедиков 1963a, 12, 14, 16; 1963b, 346). In recent years, however, the unconditional acceptance of these signs as ethno-cultural characteristics has been questioned24. To determine the ethno-cultural characteristics of those buried with Thracian type fibulae in Apollonia, a more precise delineation of their distribution in the apoikia may be useful. The early fibulae were single specimens and were found in complexes from the 3rd quarter of the 5th century and into the beginning of the 4th century BC. These early examples are evidence of a direct connection with the inner Thrace and were probably imported into the Greek colony. Towards the second quarter and the middle of the 4th century BC, the fashion had changed, and fibulae were starting to be used more often by a small part of the population, most of whom were women. At this time, too, local production, most clearly reflected by the appearance of a local variant with a twisted bow, begins in the apoikia. There exists a strong tradition for wearing fibulae in Thrace, and 23 Similar use is assumed for the needles from a Roman cemetery on the island of Samothrace, which are mostly found around the skull (Dusenbery 1998, 1042). 24 For example, it was established that the inventory of the graves with inhumation in a contracted position did not differ from that of the other graves with a body in an extended position (Vagalinski 2001, 249). The use of cremation as an ethnic indicator is also unclear, and some consider its practice in the cemeteries on the northern coast of the Black Sea as an element of Greek funerary ritual, despite the occasional application of this rite by different Thracian tribes in neighboring areas (Panayotova 2003, 130-131). FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 51 the prevalence of fibulae in Apollonia corresponds to a time when they were no longer in use in Greece. These facts, alongside the data on the presence of Thracians in the colony, could suggest a link between those buried with Thracian type fibulae and Thracian traditions. The prevalence of fibulae in female graves could be the result of mixed marriages with women (so-called exogamy) from inner Thrace, and their presence in male graves could be due to the presence of Thracian slaves, artisans, and other workers. However, the ethno-cultural characteristics of the residents in the ancient poleis are hardly so predictable. Several generations after the first settlers – that is, over two hundred years after the founding of the apoikia – the population did not consist purely of Greeks, even though Greek customs persisted (see Prohaszka 1995, 189). Suggestive of the difficulties in determining the ethnicity are the funeral rites. The burial structure and the funeral goods of the graves in which Thracian type fibulae were found do not differ from those of other graves in the necropoleis: inhumation in contracted position is registered only in grave 10, ZP 5084 (2008), and not one cremation is recorded for this period (Vagalinski 2001, 248). In addition, most Thracian type fibulae from Apollonia demonstrate different features and intensity of use compared with those from inner Thrace. For example, from the end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd century BC, the number of the Thracian type fibulae in the burial complexes in the Greek apoikia significantly diminished, while in Thrace these artifacts increased in popularity in the Early Hellenistic period (Василева 2012, 18-20). Scholars have encountered similar difficulties in explaining the role of the Thracian type fibulae in the Greek polis Olynthus on the Halkidiki peninsula. Their discovery in the city and the nearby Riverside cemetery, supplemented by the presence of coins of the Thracian kings (Sparatokos, Hebryzelmis, Kotys I, Kersobleptes and Ketriporis), encouraged the assumption that close contacts with the Thracians, either through trade or migration, existed (Robinson 1941, 134-135). As at Apollonia, the fibulae from Olynthus also had their own course of development due to on-site production. Suggestive of the multiculturalism of the people buried with fibulae is found in grave 514, where two bronze coins were placed in the mouth of a child (Robinson 1941, 105; 115) – a custom known from inner Thrace half a century later (Домарадски 1987, 14-15). Although the presence of a Thracian type fibula in a grave may attest to some connections with the hinterland of Thrace and the Thracians, it can hardly be used as a categorical indicator of the ethnocultural identity of the deceased. 25 Single specimens are registered in the necropoleis of Histria (Аlexandrescu 1966, 231, Pl. 102), Histria Sat (Teleaga / Zirra 2003, Taf. 19), Histria Pod (Zimmermann / Avram 1987, 23, Abb. 22), Odessos (Тончева 1956, 51), Kallatis (Preda 1961, 295 sq., fig. 1, 15.1, 16); all are dated between the middle of the 4th and the end of the 3rd century BC. Fibulae in other Black sea colonies At this stage, Apollonia Pontica remains the only west Greek colony where so many Thracian type fibulae have been recovered25. Unlike Apollonia, in the neighboring Mesambria, no fibulae of the Thracian type are registered. The several fibulae found in this apoikia are bilateral, and they appear in the second half of the 3rd century BC through so-called agrafs. They consist of a double-spring fibula with an attached ornamented plate (Домарадски 1984, 139; Tonkova 1997, 90). The presence of a relatively high number of Thracian type fibulae in the graves of the ancient people of Apollonia, their almost complete 52 MIGLENA VASILEVA absence in the other Black Sea colonies, and the presence of bilateral fibulae a century later in Mesambria, clearly reflect the changing preference for certain types of personal adornments over the course of the development of the Black Sea colonies. They were also influenced by the leading fashion at this time. Catalogue Cat. #1 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 1/1 Grave 14, ZP 5519, (2007), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Low vertical foot with distinct button – two discs on its base and an elongated conic appendix with small ball. Long arm of the catch-plate, part of which is missing. Green patina. The dimensions are hard to define because of the fragmentary state. third quarter of the 5th century BC Cat. #2 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 1/2 Grave 7, ZP 5101 (2009), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Low vertical foot with distinct button – two discs on its base and elongated conic appendix. Long arm of the catch-plate, part of which is missing. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula (see Василева 2012, 48, фиг.1). length 9.9 cm; height 3.1 cm end of 5th – beginning of 4th century BC Cat. #3 Thracian type fibula, iron, plate 1/3 Grave 10, ZP 5084, (2008), unpublished Arched bow, low vertical foot and short arm of the catch-plate. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. Corroded. length 9 cm, height 4.5 cm first half of the 3rd century BC Cat. #4 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 1/4 Grave 220, Kalfata (2001), unpublished Arched bow with circular section, low vertical foot with spherical button. Long arm of the catch-plate. Quadrangular catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. Dark green patina. length 4.6 cm, height 1.9 cm second quarter of 4th century BC Cat. #5 Thracian type fibula, silver; plate 1/5 Grave 22, ZP 5100-7 (2010), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Vertical foot as high as the bow. The foot ends with conic button. Long arm of the catch-plate. Quadrangular catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. length 2.9 cm, height 1.3 cm last quarter of the 5th – first quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #6 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 1/6 Grave 30, ZP 5089 (2006), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Vertical foot with thicken end. The point of the pin and the end of the foot missing. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. Green patina. length 3.6 cm, height 1.6 cm early 3rd century BC Cat. #7 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 1/7 Grave 277 Kalfata (2002), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Vertical foot with conic button as high as the bow. Long arm of the catch-plate, short trapezium-shaped catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. Green patina. length 8.2 cm, height 2.7 cm second half of the 4th century BC Cat. #8 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 1/8 Grave 277 Kalfata (2002), unpublished Arched bow with rhombic section. Vertical foot with distinct button, part of which missing. Long arm of the catch-plate, long trapezium-shaped catch-plate on the right side of the fibula, broken in two parts. Part of the pin missing. Green patina. length 7.6 cm, height 2.5 cm second half of the 4th century BC Cat. #9 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 2/9 FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 53 Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI, (2008), unpublished Arched slightly thickened in the middle bow with rhombic section. Foot higher than the bow with flattened hemispherical button. A loop is hung on the foot, probably part of a chain. Long arm of the catch-plate, triangle catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. The fibula is broken in two parts. Pin missing. Green patina. length around 5.7 cm, height 2.1 cm end of 2nd – beginning 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #10 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 2/10 Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI, (2008), unpublished Тwisted аrched bow. Vertical twisted foot, high as the bow with big conic button. Long arm of the catch-plate and long catch-plate. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. Green patina. length 5.2 cm, height 2 cm end of 2nd – beginning 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #11 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 2/11 Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI, (2008), unpublished Тwisted аrched bow. Vertical twisted foot as high as the bow with conic big button. Long arm of the catch-plate and long catch-plate. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. The point of the pin missing. Green patina. length 6 cm, height 2.1 cm end of 2nd – beginning 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #12 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 2/12 Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI, (2008), unpublished Тwisted аrched bow. Vertical foot as high as the bow with small conic button. Long arm of the catch-plate. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. Green patina. length 5.5 cm, height 2.2 cm. end of 2nd – beginning 3rd quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #13 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 2/13 Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI, (2008), unpublished Тwisted аrched bow. Vertical foot as high as the bow with conic button. Long arm of the catch-plate and long catch-plate. The catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. Green patina. length 5.3 cm, height 1.9 cm. End of 2nd – beginning 3rd quarter of the 4th BC century Cat. #14 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 2/14 Grave 5, ZP 5090, (2005), unpublished Тwisted аrched bow. Vertical foot as high as the bow with oval button. Long arm of the catch-plate. Long quadrangular catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. The pin is broken and part of it missing. Green patina. length 4.4 cm, height 2.6 cm second quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #15-17 Thracian type fibulae, bronze, plate 2/15-17 Grave 41, ZP 5089 (2006), unpublished Highly fragmented. Twisted bow, vertical foot as high as the bow with small spherical button. The button of the Cat. #16 missing. undefined measurements 2nd quarter- middle of the 4th century BC Cat. #18 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/18 Grave 17, ZP 5536 (2008), unpublished Arched bow with rhombic section, which changes to circular close to the spring. S-shaped foot as high as the bow. The foot ends with small conic button. Short arm of the catch-plate, the catch-plate is high, triangular, on the right side of the fibula. Green patina. length 3.9 cm, height 2.1 cm second – third quarter of the 4th century BC (?) Cat. #19 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/19 Grave 27, ZP 5518 (2007), unpublished Double-sided bow with rhombic section. Low S-shaped foot, the end of which is not pronounced. Long arm of the catch-plate, the catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. Broken pin. Green patina. length 3.9 cm, height 1.5 cm second quarter – middle of the 4th century BC Cat. #20 Thracian type fibula, bronze; plate 3/20 Grave 8Б, ZP IV 8036, (2005), unpublished Twisted arched bow. S-shaped foot with long, slim, conical end. Short arm of the catch-plate, short triangular catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. Broken 54 MIGLENA VASILEVA pin. Green patina. length 2.4 cm, height 1.4 cm second quarter – middle of the 4th century BC Cat. #21 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/21 Grave 116, ZP 5518 (2007), unpublished Fragmented bow with circular section. The base of the foot is parallel to the bow and this gives grounds to assume that is was S-shaped. Broken pin. Foot missing Green patina. undefined measurements second – third quarter of the 4th century BC (?) Cat. #22 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/22 Grave 236, Kalfata (2002), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Low S-shaped foot. Long arm of the catchplate, the catch-plate is on the right side of the fibula. The end of the foot missing. Green patina. length 7.8 cm., preserved height 3.1 cm second – third quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #23 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/23 Grave 3, Parking sector (2001), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Vertical conic foot slightly thickened at the end. It is higher than the bow. The catch-plate is on the left side of the fibula. The pin and the bow are broken. Green patina. length around 6 cm end of the 5th – first half of the 4th century BC Cat. #24 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/24 Grave 49, ZP 5089 (2006), unpublished Arched bow with circular section. Slightly thicken end of the foot. Long catchplate, on the right side of the fibula. The point of the pin missing. Green patina. length 3.9 cm., height 1.6 cm middle of the 4th century BC Cat. #25 Thracian type fibula, iron, plate 3/25 Grave 391, Kalfata (2004), unpublished Arched bow with diamond form, viewed from above, and rectangular section. The pin, the foot and the catch-plate are missing. preserved length 6.5 cm., height 13.3 cm third quarter of the 4th century BC Cat. #26 Thracian type fibula, bronze, plate 3/26 Grave 352, Kalfata (2004), unpublished Deformed fibula. Curved bow. The foot almost touches the spring. In this way the fibula forms open ring. The foot ends with conic button. The pin is missing. Green patina. third quarter of the 4th century BC undefined measurements Cat. #27 bilateral fibula, bronze, plate 4/27 Grave 3, Mesarite 2 (2012), unpublished Arched bow slightly thicken in the middle with circular section. The spring is bilateral with 3 turns and external chord. Trapezoidal catch-plate on the right side of the fibula. Foot missing. preserved length 3 cm, height 0.9 cm end of the 4th – beginning of the 3rd century BC Cat. #28 one spring fibula with triangular catch-plate, bronze, plate 4/28 Grave 32, ZP 5269 VI (2008), unpublished Arched twist bow. Triangular catch-plate curved in its end to fix the pin. The catch-plate is on the left side of the fibula. Green patina. length 4.5 cm, height 2.7 cm end of 2nd – beginning 3rd quarter of the 4th BC century Cat. #29 fibulae in form of punches, bronze and iron, plate 4/29 Grave 246, Kalfata (2002), unpublished Fragmented. Arched bow, long triangle catch-plate and low vertical foot with broken button. The other end, where the pin was fixed on the bow, is in the form of punches. Green patina and dark corrosion. second – third quarter of the 4th century BC FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA Bibliography Вагалински, Л. 2009. Кръв и зрелища. Спортни и гладиаторски игри в елинистическа и римска Тракия / Vagalinski, L. Blood and Еntertainments. Sports and Gladiatorial Games in Hellenistic and Roman Thrace. Sofia. Василева, M. 2012. Фибули от късножелязната епоха в древна Тракия (V-I в. пр. Хр.). Автореферат на дисертация за присъждане на образователна и научна степен „доктор“. София. Венедиков, И. 1963а. Разположение на некропола и организация на разкопките. In: Сборник Аполония. Разкопките в некропола на Аполония през 1947-1949. София. 7-64. Венедиков, И. 1963b. Металически и костени предмети от некропола на Аполония. In: Сборник Аполония. Разкопките в некропола на Аполония през 1947-1949. София. 313-321. Венедиков, И. 1963c. Общ поглед върху разкопките. – In: Сборник Аполония. Разкопките в некропола на Аполония през 1947-1949. София. 341-347. Венедиков, И. 1948. Разкопките в некропола на Аполония през 1946 г. – Разкопки и проучвания 2, 7-29 Генчева, Е. 2004. Римските фибули от България. Велико Търново. Домарадски, М. 2000. Фибули от късножелязната епоха в Тракия (част I) – Годишник на Департамент Археология – НБУ 4-5, 202-224. Домарадски, М. 1987. Мястото на нумизматичните данни в проучванията на тракийската култура от късножелязната епоха. – Нумизматика 4, 4-18. Домарадски, М. 1984. Келтите на Балканския полуостров IV-I в. пр. н.е. София. Недев, Д. / Владова, М. 2008. Спасителни археологически проучвания на територията на некропола на Аполония, м. „Солинария“ (УПИ 7099), гр. Созопол. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2007 г., 313-314. Панайотова, К. 1998. Некрополът на Аполония Понтика в местността Калфата. – Археология 3-4, 11–24. Панайотова, К. / Богданова, Т. / Баралис, А. 2012. Българо-френски археологически проучвания на селищна структура и некропол от територията на Аполония Понтика в м. „Месарите“, гр. Созопол. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2012 г., 227-230. Панайотова, К. / Гюзелев, M. / Недев, Д. 2008. Спасителни проучвания на територията на некропола на Аполония Понтийска. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2007 г., 317-321. Панайотова, К. / Гюзелев, M. / Пенчева, Р. 2009. Созопол. Спасителни проучвания на некропола на Аполония Понтийска. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2008 г., 345-342. Панайотова, К. / Дамянов, М. / Пенчева, Р. 2011. Спасителни проучвания в некропола на Аполония Понтика (Созопол) в местността Буджака. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2010 г., 264-266. Панайотова, К. / Недев, Д. 2002. Античен некропол Аполония Понтика в м. Калфата. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2001 г., София, 80-82. 55 Панайотова, К. / Недев, Д. / Ников, К. / Гюзелев, М. 2006. Спасителни проучвания на некропола на Аполония. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2005 г., 242-246. Панайотова, К. / Недев, Д. / Гюзелев, М. 2007. Спасителни проучвания на некропола на Аполония през 2006 г. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2006 г., 364-368. Панайотова, К. / Пенчева, Р. 2010. Античен некропол на Аполония в местността Калфата/Буджака – Созопол. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2009 г., 299-301. Станчев, Д. 1997. Златни накити от тракийската гробница до с. Копривец, Русенско. – Проблеми на изкуството 3-4, 36-38. Тонкова, М. 2010. Резултати от проучванията на Източния сектор на тракийското ямно светилище от V – началото на III в. пр. Хр. в м. Козлука, с. Малко Тръново, общ. Чирпан (Обект 11, ЛОТ 1 по ОВОС на автомагистрала „Тракия“). In: Югоизточна България през II-I хил. пр. Хр. Варна. 198-212. Тончева, Г. 1956. Тракийското влияние в Одесос. – Известия на Археологическото дружество Варна 10, 51-59. Alexandrescu, P. 1966. Histria II. Necropola tumulară. Săpături 19551961. Bucureşti. Панайотова, К. / Недев, Д. / Ермари, А. 2005. Българо-френски проучвания на некропола на Аполония през 2004 г. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2004 г., 238-241. Baralis, A. / Damyanov, M. / Hermary, А. / Panayotova, K. / Riapov, А. / Richter, А. 2010. Descriptions des tombes, depots et foyers. In: Apollonia du Pont (Sozopol). La nécropole de Kalfata (Ve – IIIe s. av. J. – C.). Fouilles francobulgares (2002-2004) (= Bibliothèque d'archéologie méditerranéenne et africaine 5). Paris. 83-178. Панайотова, К. / Недев, Д. / Ермари, А. 2003. Античен некропол на Аполония Понтика в м. Калфата. – Археологически открития и разкопки през 2002 г., 105-107. Baralis, A. / Lungu, V. / Panayotova, K. / Blanco, T. / Bony, G. / Comfort, A. / Claquin, L. / Delfieu, R. / Dolea, A / Dupont, P. / Flaux, C. / Guy, M. / Musat, A. / Nedev, D. / Riapov, A. / Rossignol, 56 I. / Slavova, I. / Streinu, M. / Thiriot, J. 2012. Le programe ANR Pont-Euxin: bilan des campagnes 2012 à Apollonia du Pont (Sozopol, dpt. de Bourgas, Bulgarie) et Orgamè / Argamum (Jurilovca, dpt. de Tulcea, Roumanie) – Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 38, 2, 165-187. Dusenbery, E. 1998. Samothrace. The Necropoleis. 11. Princeton. Feugère, M. 1985. Les fibules en Gaule Méridionale de la conquête à la fin du Ve s. ap. J. C. (= Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise 12). Paris. Frederiksen, R. 1999. From death to life. The cemetery of Fusco and the reconstructions of early colonial society. In: Tsetskhladze, G. (ed.). Ancient Greeks West and East (=Mnemosyne Suppl. 196). Brill. 229-265. Hermary, A. 2010. Remarques complémentaires sur certains aspects des rituels funéraires. In: Apollonia du Pont (Sozopol). La nécropole de Kalfata (Ve – IIIe s. av. J. – C.). Fouilles francobulgares (2002-2004) (=Bibliothèque d'archéologie méditerranéenne et africaine 5). Paris. 165-172. Hermary, A. / Panayotova, K. 2006. La nécropole d'Apollonia du Pont: MIGLENA VASILEVA nouvelles découvertes de la mission franco-bulgare. – Archéologia 431, 52-63. Excavations at Olynthos. 11. London. Heuzey, L. 1922. Historie du costume antique. Paris. Robinson, D. 1941. Metal and Minor Miscellaneous Finds. In: Excavations at Olynthos. 11. London. Panayotova, K. 2007. The Necropolis of Apollonia Pontica in the Kalfata/ Budjaka Locality. In: Apollonia Pontica. Gent. 5-28. Teleaga, E. / Zirra, V. 2003. Die Necropole des 6.-1. Jhs. V. Chr. von Istria Bent bei Histria (= Internationale Archäologie 83). Rahden. Panayotova, K. 2003. The necropolises of Apollonia Pontica. In: Tstetskhladze, G. (ed.). Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea. I. Thessaloniki. 123-140. Tonkova, M. 1997. Hellenistic Jewellery from the Colonies on the West Black Sea Coast. – Archaeology in Bulgaria 1, 83-102. Panayotova, K. / Hermary, A. 2010. Objets en metal. In: Apollonia du Pont (Sozopol). La nécropole de Kalfata (Ve – IIIe s. av. J. – C.). Fouilles francobulgares (2002-2004) (= Bibliothèque d'archéologie méditerranéenne et africaine 5). Paris. 254-261. Vagalinski, L. 2001. Die Ephebie in den westlichen Schwarzmeerstädten (3. Jh. v. Chr. – 3. Jh. n. Chr.). In: Wendel, M. (Hrsg.). Karasura. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Kultur des alten Thrakien 1: 15 Jahre Ausgrabungen in Karasura (= Schriften des Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzmeerraumes Bd. 1). Weissbach. 247-255. Preda, C. 1961. Archaeological Discoveries in the Greek Cemetery of Callatis-Mangalia (IV-III centuries before our era). – Dacia 5, 275-303. Prohaszka, M. 1995. Reflections from the Dead: The Metal Finds from the Pantanello Necropolis at Metaponto. Jonsered. Robinson, D. 1942. Necrolynthia. In: Фибули от Аполония Понтика Миглена ВАСИЛЕВА (резюме) Настоящата статия представя откритите през последните години фибули в черноморската колония Аполония Понтика (дн. град Созопол) и с това обогатява натрупаните до този момент сведения за употребата на фибулите в гръцка среда. Добра предпоставка за наличието на подобно изследване е относително голямата популярност на този тип аксесоари сред населението на Аполония и продължителното системно проучване на прилежащите към града некрополи, което започва през 1946 г. и, с известни прекъсвания, продължава до днес. Zimmermann, K. / Avram, A. 1987. Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Histria Pod, SR Rumänien. – Klio 69, 1, 6-27. Zirra, V. 2000. Bemerkungen zu den thrako-getischen Fibeln. – Dacia 19961998, 40-42, 29-53. FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 57 Фибулите като част от гробния инвентар Основният източник на фибули от Аполония са гробовете. Голямо предимство за установяване на хронологията на фибулите е намирането им заедно с други артефакти (най-вече керамични съдове), повечето от които са добре датирани. С най-много информация за ролята на фибулите в гръцката колония разполагаме от разкопките на некропола в местността Калфата. За периода 1946-1948 г. в него са разкрити общо 890 гроба, в 17 от които има фибули, което означава, че делът на гробовете, в които са регистрирани фибули, е 1.9%. Макар да не разполагаме с пълни данни относно броя на откритите през следващите години гробове с фибули, наблюдаваната от първите проучвания тенденция за 2-3% до максимум 4% от общия брой гробни комплекси е засвидетелствана и през останалите сезони. Типове фибули Фибули тракийски тип (кат. номера 1-26) Най-широко разпространените фибули в Аполония са представителите на т. нар. тракийски тип. Включените в настоящото изследване фибули са 38 – 3 от проучванията през 1946 г. по публикация, 9 от 1947-1949 г. и също публикувани, и 26 от периода 2001-2010 г., които са непубликувани (кат. номера 1-26). Най-многобройни са фибулите с право вертикално краче, което завършва в края си с обособен бутон (тип I по М. Василева) (кат. номера 1-9). Те са с тънък дъговиден, по-рядко двускатен или триъгълен лък, изработен от тел с еднаква дебелина, която е близка до тази на крачето. В зависимост от дължината на крачето тези фибули попадат в няколко разновидности. Първата от тях включва фибулите с ниско вертикално краче, чиято височина рядко достига средата на височината на лъка (кат. номера 1-4). Те са датирани в рамките на третата четвърт на V до първата половина на III в. пр. Хр. Към втората разновидност фибули тракийски тип с вертикално краче от Аполония принадлежат тези с ясно изразено краче, високо колкото лъка, и с дъговиден (симетричен или асиметричен) лък или лък с триъгълен силует (кат. номера 5-8). Те също предлагат датировка в по-широки граници – от последната четвърт на V до началото на III в. пр. Хр. В последната разновидност е включена фибулата с кат. номер 9. Тя е с високо издигнато над лъка краче и увит около него бронзов тел, вероятно част от верижка, счупена впоследствие. Това дава основание за предположението, че фибулата е била част от многосъставен накит. Комплексът, от който произхожда, е датиран в края на втората – началото на третата четвърт на IV в. пр. Хр. Сред най-разпространените в Аполония фибули с вертикално краче са тези с тънък усукан лък – симетричен или асиметричен – кат. номера 10-17. Концентрацията на толкова много фибули с усукан лък в апойкията подкрепя изказаното от И. Венедиков предположение за съществуването на един или няколко производствени центъра, чиято продукция е в малък 58 MIGLENA VASILEVA мащаб и задоволява нуждите на местния пазар. Вероятно те са употребявани в по-тесен хронологичен отрязък – от втората до третата четвърт на IV в. пр. Хр. и отразяват наличието на определена мода. На второ място по разпространение в Аполония се нареждат фибулите тракийски тип с краче, извито под формата на латинската буква „S“ (тип III по М. Василева, кат. номера 18-22). Те са с тънък, еднакво дебел по цялата си дължина или слабо удебелен в средата, лък (дъговиден или двускатен), който може да бъде гладък или усукан. Крачето е с различна дължина, а завършекът му най-често представлява извит навън или нагоре конусовиден или полусферичен бутон, като при кат. номер 20 краят на крачето не е обособен. Те също са датирани в рамките на втората – третата четвърт на IV в. пр. Хр. Най-слабо представените фибули тракийски тип в Аполония са тези с вертикално краче, което не е профилирано в края, а е удебелено под формата на обърнат конус (тип II по М. Василева, кат. номера 23-24). Това е напълно логично с оглед на факта, че ареалът на разпространение на фибулите с конусовидно краче е Северозападна Тракия. Времето на тяхната употреба в колонията е краят на V – първата половина на IV в. пр. Хр. Особеностите на всички фибули тракийски тип от Аполония са сходни – те са изработени от тънък тел, с кръгло или ромбовидно сечение. Изключение от този модел са само един лък на желязна фибула с правоъгълно сечение (кат. номер 25) и една извита като халка фрагментирана бронзова фибула, чиято първоначална функция е била променена (кат. номер 26). Алгоритъмът на разпространението на фибулите тракийски тип в тази гръцка колония е систематизиран по следния начин: най-ранните фибули са единични екземпляри и са от комплекси с дата третата четвърт на V – началото на IV в. пр. Хр. (кат. номерa 1, 2, 5, 23, фибулата от гроб 305, Калфата). Те свидетелстват за възможни директни връзки с вътрешността на Тракия и по всяка вероятност са внос в гръцката апойкия. Едва към втората четвърт – средата на IV в. пр. Хр. броят на фибулите тракийски тип в колонията нараства значително, както и тяхното разнообразие по отношение на формата – появяват се фибулите с S-овидно краче и фибулите с усукан лък. Усукването на лъка е вид украса, особено характерна за Аполония, която не е популярна във вътрешността на Тракия. Именно тези фибули дават най-сигурни основания да се предположи функционирането на един или няколко производствени центъра за фибули в колонията. В края на IV – началото на III в. пр. Хр. броят на фибулите тракийски тип в гробните комплекси чувствително намалява. Този интензитет на разпространение на фибулите в Аполония контрастира ярко с наблюдаваната във вътрешността на Тракия тенденция, където по това време тези аксесоари изживяват своя разцвет. Билатерални фибули (кат. номер 27) Единствената открита до този момент фибула с билатерална спирала от Аполония произхожда от гроб в хóрата на Аполония. FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 59 Въпреки че е фрагментирана, е предположено, че краят на крачето е завършвал с нефункционална спирала, по подобие на широко разпространените билатерални фибули в Североизточна Тракия, чиито единични представители попадат и на юг от Стара планина – в Севтополис, Филипопол, Стойките. На базата на тези паралели фибулата е датирана в края на IV – началото на III в. пр. Хр. Присъствието Ł в околностите на Аполония дава основание да се приеме, че, макар и със слаб интензитет, латенското влияние достига и до тази черноморска колония. Едноспирална фибула с триъгълна плочка на иглодържателя (кат. номер 28) Единствената позната до този момент фибула с триъгълна плочка на иглодържателя от Аполония показва сходство с една група фибули, разпространена в Южна Тракия от края на VIII в. до края на VI в. пр. Хр. Фибулата може да се приеме за реминисценция на екземплярите от ранножелязната епоха. Индикация за по-късната Ł дата (втора – трета четвърт на IV в. пр. Хр.), освен контекста на откриване, са по-малките размери – дължина 4.5 см. Фибули с форма на клещи (кат. номер 29) Наименованието на тези фибули идва от продълженията на задната част на лъка и иглата, които имат формата на клещи. Те са биметални, с дъговидно извит лък с овално или правоъгълно сечение и с ниско краче, което завършва със сферичен бутон. Иглата е закрепяна чрез нит и е желязна. На този етап в Аполония са регистрирани два екземпляра от този тип. Въпреки че в литературата не съществува единно мнение за времето на зараждане на фибулите с форма на клещи, които са широко разпространени в римската епоха, откриването на кат. номер 29 в затворен комплекс означава, че образците с ясно обособено краче от този тип могат да бъдат датирани във втората – третата четвърт на IV в. пр. Хр. Гробни съоръжения, погребален обряд и ориентация Гробните съоръжения, в които e откриванa голяма част от фибулите, са вкопани в пясъка обикновени ями без допълнително устройство. Единични са случаите на фибули в гробове, покрити с керемиди, цисти, гробове, градени с камъни, както и в питоси (таблица 1). Погребалният обряд при всички комплекси с фибули е инхумация, който е водещ през всички периоди на използването на некрополите в Аполония. Най-често покойниците са полагани по гръб с изпънати крайници и глава на североизток, югоизток и изток (таблица 2). Гробен инвентар, съпътстващ фибулите (таблица 1) В зависимост от инвентара си, гробовете, в които присъстват фибули, са разделени на две групи – такива, в които са регистрирани само фибули и такива, в чийто инвентар фибулите са придружавани от други предмети. Най-често фибулите се откриват с керамика. Сред съдовете с фирнис се срещат лекити (с червена палмета и мрежест орнамент) и паници. По-рядко фибулите се откриват с киликси, балсамарии, пиксиди, ихтии, скифоси и др. От формите керамика без фирнисово покритие 60 MIGLENA VASILEVA с червен и сив цвят на глината могат да се откроят гърнета, ойнохоета, кани, а спорадично и аскоси, паници, лекити и чаши. Към втората категория предмети, съпътстващи фибулите, принадлежат накитите. Най-широко разпространената комбинация е фибули с пръстени-печати и фибули с халковидни обици. Фибулите от Аполония са откривани заедно още със стъклени мъниста с цилиндрична форма и украса „очички“ и стъклени висулки. Огледалата, монетите, астрагалосите, теракотите и елементите на въоръжението се срещат по-рядко в комбинация с фибули (таблица 1). Фибулата като индикатор за пола и възрастта (таблица 2) Фибулите са откривани в гробове както на жени, така и на мъже. При жените обаче този атрибут към облеклото се радва на поголяма популярност, отколкото при мъжете – женските гробове с фибули са над два пъти повече от мъжките. Антропологичен анализ на костния материал е извършен при 12 погребани с фибули индивида. Установено е, че 7 от тях принадлежат на жени, а 5 – на мъже. Към тази статистика са добавени още 8 индивида от женски пол и 2 от мъжки, определени, с известна доза условност, само по наличния инвентар. Подобна ситуация се наблюдава и в ранните гръцки некрополи в Южна Италия при Питекуса и Тарент. Този извод е новост по отношение на представата за пола на притежателите на фибули от Аполония, които в началото на 60-те години на XX век са считани само за жени. Фибули са откривани и в детски гробове. При част от тях местоположението е в областта на гърдите/между ребрата. На този етап е трудно да се установи ролята на фибулите в детските гробове. Трудно е да се отговори на въпроса дали са били използвани за закрепването на някакви детски дрехи в областта на гърдите, или са били поставяни единствено в качеството си на гробен дар. Направен е изводът, че, въпреки някои установени зависимости, откриването на фибули в гробовете само по себе си трудно може да се приема като сигурен индикатор за определена възраст на притежателите им. Зависимости между характеристиките на фибулите и пола на погребаните Регистрирана е определена взаимовръзка между количеството фибули и пола на погребаните – в някои от гробовете на жени броят фибули е два или повече от два (на този етап са регистрирани до максимум 6 фибули в един комплекс – гроб 32, УПИ 5269-VI (2008 г.). Единствено в гроб 102 от Калфата (1946 г.), за който по инвентара е предположено, че принадлежи на мъж, са намерени 2 фибули. Установено е, че железните фибули тракийски тип са срещан артефакт в гробове на мъже. Това съвпада с наблюдаваната в келтския свят тенденция мъжете да се погребват предимно с железни фибули. Някои от фибулите с усукан лък и тези с S-овидно краче са открити в гробове на жени и едно дете. При тези фибули е вложено по-голямо старание в изработката и извиването на крачето навън, FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 61 което придава елегантност на силуета. Това напълно отговаря на възможността те да са били изработени специално за жените и децата. Фибулите като аксесоар към облеклото В настоящата работа е възприето, че намираните върху скелета фибули са част от облеклото на погребания, а тези, разположени около черепа или в близост до скелета, заедно с други предмети, са изпълнявали по-скоро функцията на гробен дар. Наблюденията върху комплексите от Аполония показват, че почти всички фибули са откривани върху скелета. Трудно е обаче да се каже с положителност дали те са били носени приживе или са били част от тоалета, сложен специално за погребалния ритуал. Най-многобройни са комплексите, в които е откривана само по една фибула. Сред тях значителен превес имат случаите, в които фибулата е разполагана върху дясното рамо (таблица 2). Наличието на една фибула върху едното рамо на покойниците от Аполония предполага нейното използване за закопчаването на някакъв тип наметало или друг вид дреха, при която едното рамо е оставяно открито (например екзомис, носен от занаятчии, войници, конници и др.). Откриването на 2 фибули в гроб е по-рядко срещано. В тези случаи фибулите най-често са разполагани върху гърдите или върху двете рамена и са били използвани за закопчаването на хитон. Засега липсват примери от Аполония за откривани 3 и 4 фибули в един гробен комплекс. Повече на брой фибули (5 и 6) са регистрирани в единични случаи. Макар местоположението им да е различно, присъствието на поне една фибула върху едно от рамената/гърдите е задължително. На този етап няма известни случаи на фибули, локализирани от външната страна на горните крайници на погребаните, което означава, че те не са използвани за закопчаване на ръкавите на дрехите. Копчета от некропола на Аполония до този момент също не са известни. Фибули и игли Специално внимание е обърнато на откритите в гробовете на Аполония игли, поради честото приравняване на функцията им с тази на фибулите. Иглите от Аполония са шевни и са изработени от бронз. Когато присъстват в гробове, те почти винаги са представени само от един екземпляр. От наличните данни е установено, че те са били по-широко употребявани в сравнение с фибулите. Двете групи артефакти не са намирани на едни и същи места в гробoвете и върху скелетите, което означава, че са имали различно предназначение. Най-често иглите са локализирани около и под черепа. На второ място се нареждат иглите, които са открити до, под и върху едно от рамената, с лек превес на тези при лявото рамо. Случаите, при които иглите са локализирани в областта на колената и подбедриците, са единични, като екземплярите почти винаги са намирани до скелета, а не върху него. Когато иглите от некропола при Калфата са намирани до, а не върху скелета, вероятно са служели като инструмент за шиене 62 MIGLENA VASILEVA на савана, с който е полаган покойникът. В случаите, когато иглите са локализирани около черепа, е допусната вероятността те да са прикрепвали забрадки/воали или да са играели ролята на фиби или аксесоари, сплитани в косата. Когато са откривани в областта на рамената, е предположено, че иглите са използвани за закрепянето на по-леки материи – наметала, шалове и др. Те са имали по-скоро помощна функция за разлика от фибулите, които са били употребявани за прикрепянето на по-масивни дрехи. Установено е, че най-често иглите се откриват в гробове на жени и деца, а присъствието на игла в гроб 362 при Калфата до скелета на мъж показва, че те не могат да се приемат за предмети, които категорично определят пола. И в тези случаи антропологичният анализ остава единственият сигурен начин за установяване пола на погребаните с игли. Времето на употреба на иглите е в по-широки хронологични граници в сравнение с това на фибулите – от третата четвърт на V в. пр. Хр. до края на III в. пр. Хр. Най-големият интензитет на употреба на иглите е във втората половина на IV – първата половина на III в. пр. Хр. Етнокултурна характеристика на погребаните с фибули тракийски тип Въпросът за етнокултурната принадлежност на погребаните винаги е бил тема на оживени дискусии. В този смисъл установяването на връзка между погребаните с фибули тракийски тип и траките би било особено привлекателно. То може да намери известна подкрепа в епиграфските данни за присъствие на траки в колонията и в широкото разпространение на фибулите във време, когато в континентална Гърция те вече не са в употреба. Преобладаването на фибулите тракийски тип в гробовете на жени би могло да потърси обяснение в евентуалните смесени бракове на гърците с жени от вътрешността на Тракия, а откриването им в гробове на мъже да се свърже с присъствието на траки в ролята на роби, занаятчии или друг вид работна ръка. Едва ли обаче етнокултурната характеристика на жителите на апойкията е толкова лесно предсказуема. Няколко поколения след първите заселници, т. е. двеста и повече години след основаването на колонията, населението не е било толкова хомогенно гръцко, дори гръцките обичаи да са били все още налице. Доказателство за затрудненията при определянето на етноса на покойниците е и фактът, че погребалният обряд, гробните конструкции и инвентарът на гробовете, в които фибулите тракийски тип са открити, не се различават от тези на останалите гробове в некропола (трупополагане в поза хокер е регистрирано само в един гроб, като до този момент няма нито една кремация с фибула!). Гореизложените факти показват, че фибулите тракийски тип в Аполония имат собствен път на развитие, който е засвидетелстван както в по-ранния им разцвет, в сравнение с образците от вътрешността на Тракия, така и в данните за производството им в колонията. Подобни затруднения се срещат и при опитите за обясняване на ролята на фибулите тракийски тип в гръцкия полис FIBULAE FROM APOLLONIA PONTICA 63 Олинт на Халкидическия полуостров, където са откривани и монети на тракийски царе. Особеностите на фибулите от този полис показват, че те също са имали собствена еволюция, подкрепена от производството им на място. Доказателство за мултикултурализма на погребаните с фибули в Олинт е гроб 514, където в устата на погребано дете са поставени две бронзови монети „харонов обол“ – обичай, засвидетелстван във вътрешността на Тракия едва половин век по-късно. На базата на всички тези особености е направен изводът, че, макар присъствието на една или няколко фибули тракийски тип в даден гроб само по себе си да води до асоциации с Тракия и траките, то трудно може да бъде използвано за категоричен етнокултурен индикатор на погребаните. Фибулите в другите черноморски колонии Единични фибули тракийски тип са регистрирани в Истрия, Истрия Сат, Истрия Под, Калатис, Одесос, но на този етап Аполония остава единствената западнопонтийска колония, в чиито граници е открито толкова голямо количество фибули. Присъствието на сравнително голям брой фибули тракийски тип в гробовете на жителите на Аполония, почти пълната им липса в другите черноморски колонии и наличието на фибули с билатерална спирала в Месамбрия едно столетие по-късно (втората половина на III в. пр. Хр.) ясно отразяват тенденцията за наличието на предпочитания към определени категории предмети в хода на развитието на черноморските колонии. Те се оказват повлияни и от водещата мода в съответното време. Miglena Vasileva PhD 34 Neofit Rilski St. BG-1000 Sofia miglena_vas@yahoo.com

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